Rel Family Transcription Factor NFAT5 Upregulates COX2 via HIF-1α Activity in Ishikawa and HEC1a Cells.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2; PTGS2) both participate in diverse pathologies including cancer progression. However, the biological role of the NFAT5-COX2 signaling pathway in human endometrial cancer has remained elusive. The present study explored whether NFAT5 is expressed in endometrial tumors and if NFAT5 participates in cancer progression. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, NFAT5 protein abundance in endometrial cancer tissue was visualized by immunohistochemistry and endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa and HEC1a) were transfected with NFAT5 or with an empty plasmid. As a result, NFAT5 expression is more abundant in high-grade than in low-grade endometrial cancer tissue. RNA sequencing analysis of NFAT5 overexpression in Ishikawa cells upregulated 37 genes and downregulated 20 genes. Genes affected included cyclooxygenase 2 and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A). NFAT5 transfection and/or treatment with HIF-1α stabilizer exerted a strong stimulating effect on HIF-1α promoter activity as well as COX2 expression level and prostaglandin E2 receptor (PGE2) levels. Our findings suggest that activation of NFAT5-HIF-1α-COX2 axis could promote endometrial cancer progression.

Exploring the Potential of Essential Oil from Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves against Breast Cancer: In vitro and In silico Analysis.

Plectranthus amboinicus leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain essential oil (EO). Phytochemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a diverse range of compounds in the EO, with p-cymen-4-ol (18.57%) emerging as the most predominant, followed by isocaryophyllene (12.18%). The in vitro antiproliferative activity of EO against breast cancer was assessed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The MTT assay results revealed that EO showed IC50 values of 42.25 µg/mL and 13.44 µg/mL in MCF-7 cells and 63.67 µg/mL and 26.58 µg/mL in MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of the EO constituents were within acceptable limits. Molecular docking was conducted to investigate the interactions between the constituents of the EO and protein Aromatase (PDB ID:3S79). Among the EO constituents, 4-tert-butyl-2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol (4BHP) exhibited the highest dock score of -6.580 kcal/mol when compared to the reference drug, Letrozole (-5.694 kcal/mol), but was slightly lesser than Anastrozole (-7.08 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation studies (100 ns) of the 4BHP complex were performed to study its stability patterns. The RMSD and RMSF values of the 4BHP protein complex were found to be 2.03 Å and 4.46 Å, respectively. The binding free energy calculations revealed that 4BHP displayed the highest negative binding energy of -43 kcal/mol with aromatase protein, compared to Anastrozole (-40.59 kcal/mol) and Letrozole (-44.54 kcal/mol). However, further research is required to determine the safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action of the volatile oil. Taking into consideration the key findings of the present work, the development of a formulation of essential oil remains a challenging task and novel drug delivery systems may lead to site-specific and targeted delivery for the effective treatment of breast cancer.

Health-related physical fitness, physical activity and its correlates among school going adolescents in hilly state in north India: a cross sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Health-related physical fitness, which includes body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, and strength are associated with risks of chronic diseases and promote good health and wellness. There have been reports of increasing levels of physical inactivity among children and adolescents, leading to increasing rates of obesity and decreased physical fitness. The present study was conducted among school going adolescents to estimate the levels and correlates of PF for timely intervention. METHODOLOGY: School based cross-sectional study was done among students of class 8-11th in Government schools of Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. Multistage stratified random sampling was applied for recruitment of study participants. We recruited a final sample size of 634 students. Validated questionnaires and standard methods for assessment of physical fitness, physical activity levels and other variables such as waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI and hemoglobin estimation were done. RESULTS: Average and above average cardiorespiratory fitness score as per Harvard step test among boys (54.3%) was significantly higher as compared to girls (21.3%) (χ2 = 88.93, p < 0.001). There was a significant association between gender and dominant handgrip strength (χ2 = 8.02, p = 0.01) as well as between gender and Shoulder stretch test (SST) of dominant (χ2 = 17.5, p < 0.05) as well as nondominant arm (χ2 = 13.5, p < 0.05). Sit and reach test results also showed a significant association with gender (χ2 = 27.17, p < 0.001). Gender, hemoglobin level, BMI and PAL scores significantly predicted cardiorespiratory fitness scores (R2 = 0.188, F value of the model = 37.69, p =< 0.001)). CONCLUSION: Physical fitness of school going adolescents in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand was better than other parts of India, with significant gender differences. Physical activity levels (PAL) were poor and are also a significant predictor of physical fitness. More emphasis needs to be paid on the health and fitness of girl students. School based policies to increase PAL among students through innovation and rewards may go a long way in improving the long-term health of the students.

Integrative Molecular Structure Elucidation and Construction of an Extended Metabolic Pathway Associated with an Ancient Innate Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients.

We present compelling evidence for the existence of an extended innate viperin-dependent pathway, which provides crucial evidence for an adaptive response to viral agents, such as SARS-CoV-2. We show the in vivo biosynthesis of a family of novel endogenous cytosine metabolites with potential antiviral activities. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed a characteristic spin-system motif, indicating the presence of an extended panel of urinary metabolites during the acute viral replication phase. Mass spectrometry additionally enabled the characterization and quantification of the most abundant serum metabolites, showing the potential diagnostic value of the compounds for viral infections. In total, we unveiled ten nucleoside (cytosine- and uracil-based) analogue structures, eight of which were previously unknown in humans allowing us to propose a new extended viperin pathway for the innate production of antiviral compounds. The molecular structures of the nucleoside analogues and their correlation with an array of serum cytokines, including IFN-α2, IFN-γ, and IL-10, suggest an association with the viperin enzyme contributing to an ancient endogenous innate immune defense mechanism against viral infection.

Urinary phenotyping of SARS-CoV-2 infection connects clinical diagnostics with metabolomics and uncovers impaired NAD+ pathway and SIRT1 activation.

OBJECTIVES: The stratification of individuals suffering from acute and post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a critical challenge. Notably, biomarkers able to specifically monitor viral progression, providing details about patient clinical status, are still not available. Herein, quantitative metabolomics is progressively recognized as a useful tool to describe the consequences of virus-host interactions considering also clinical metadata. METHODS: The present study characterized the urinary metabolic profile of 243 infected individuals by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results were compared with a historical cohort of noninfected subjects. Moreover, we assessed the concentration of recently identified antiviral nucleosides and their association with other metabolites and clinical data. RESULTS: Urinary metabolomics can stratify patients into classes of disease severity, with a discrimination ability comparable to that of clinical biomarkers. Kynurenines showed the highest fold change in clinically-deteriorated patients and higher-risk subjects. Unique metabolite clusters were also generated based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Changes in the concentration of antiviral nucleosides were associated with either other metabolites or clinical variables. Increased kynurenines and reduced trigonelline excretion indicated a disrupted nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the potential of urinary metabolomics for noninvasive diagnostic/prognostic screening and show that the antiviral nucleosides could represent novel biomarkers linking viral load, immune response, and metabolism. Moreover, we established for the first time a casual link between kynurenine accumulation and deranged NAD+/SIRT1, offering a novel mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 manipulates host physiology.

Metallic Nanocarriers for Therapeutic Peptides: Emerging Solutions Addressing the Delivery Challenges in Brain Ailments.

Peptides and proteins have recently emerged as efficient therapeutic alternatives to conventional therapies. Although they emerged a few decades back, extensive exploration of various ailments or disorders began recently. The drawbacks of current chemotherapies and irradiation treatments, such as drug resistance and damage to healthy tissues, have enabled the rise of peptides in the quest for better prospects. The chemical tunability and smaller size make them easy to design selectively for target tissues. Other remarkable properties include antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, protection from hemorrhage stroke, and as therapeutic agents for gastric disorders and Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Despite these unmatched properties, their practical applicability is often hindered due to their weak susceptibility to enzymatic digestion, serum degradation, liver metabolism, kidney clearance, and immunogenic reactions. Several methods are adapted to increase the half-life of peptides, such as chemical modifications, fusing with Fc fragment, change in amino acid composition, and carrier-based delivery. Among these, nanocarrier-mediated encapsulation not only increases the half-life of the peptides in vivo but also aids in the targeted delivery. Despite its structural complexity, they also efficiently deliver therapeutic molecules across the blood-brain barrier. Here, in this review, we tried to emphasize the possible potentiality of metallic nanoparticles to be used as an efficient peptide delivery system against brain tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this review, we have emphasized the various therapeutic applications of peptides/proteins, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. We also focused on these peptides' challenges under physiological conditions after administration. We highlighted the importance and potentiality of metallic nanocarriers in the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, increasing the stability and half-life of peptides, their efficiency in targeting the delivery, and their diagnostic applications.

An amalgamated molecular dynamic and Gaussian based 3D-QSAR study for the design of 2,4-thiazolidinediones as potential PTP1B inhibitors.

Overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is the major cause of various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. PTP1B has been identified as a negative regulator of the insulin signaling cascade, thereby causing diabetes. Numerous anti-diabetic medications based on thiazolidinedione have been successfully developed; however, 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) scaffolds have been reported as potential PTP1B inhibitors for the manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus involving insulin resistance. In the present study, we have employed amalgamated approach involving MD-simulation studies (100 ns) as well as Gaussian field-based 3D-QSAR to develop a pharmacophoric model of 2,4-TZD as potent PTP1B inhibitors. MD simulation studies of the most potent compound in the PTP1B (PDB Id: 2QBS) binding pocket revealed that compound 43 was stable in the binding pocket and demonstrated excellent binding efficacy within the active site pocket. MM/GBSA results revealed that compound 43, bearing C-5 arylidine substitution, strongly bound to the target as compared to rosiglitazone with ΔGMM/GBSA difference of -11.13 kcal/mol. PCA, Rg, RMSF, RMSD, and SASA were analyzed from the complex's trajectories to anticipate the simulation outcome. We have suggested a series of 2,4-TZD as possible PTP1B inhibitors based on the results of MD simulation and 3D-QSAR studies.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: Current scenario and future insights.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) prevails in approximately 33% of females of reproductive age globally. Although the root cause of the disease is unknown, attempts are made to clinically manage the disturbed hormone levels and symptoms arising due to hyperandrogenism, a hallmark of PCOS. This review presents detailed insights on the etiology, risk factors, current treatment strategies, and challenges therein. Medicinal agents currently in clinical trials and those in the development pipeline are emphasized. The significance of the inclusion of herbal supplements in PCOS and the benefits of improved lifestyle are also explained. Last, emerging therapeutic targets for treating PCOS are elaborated. The present review will assist the research fraternity working in the concerned domain to access significant knowledge associated with PCOS.

Boron in cancer therapeutics: An overview.

Boron has become a crucial weapon in anticancer research due to its significant intervention in cell proliferation. Being an excellent bio-isosteric replacement of carbon, it has modulated the anticancer efficacy of various molecules in the development pipeline. It has elicited promising results through interactions with various therapeutic targets such as HIF-1α, steroid sulfatase, arginase, proteasome, etc. Since boron liberates alpha particles, it has a wide-scale application in Boron Neutron Capture therapy (BNCT), a radiotherapy that demonstrates selectivity towards cancer cells due to high boron uptake capacity. Significant advances in the medicinal chemistry of boronated compounds, such as boronated sugars, natural/unnatural amino acids, boronated DNA binders, etc., have been reported over the past few years as BNCT agents. In addition, boronated nanoparticles have assisted the field of bio-nano medicines by their usage in radiotherapy. This review exclusively focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic aspects of boron in cancer therapeutics. Emphasis is also given on the mechanism of action along with advantages over conventional therapies.

Fiber deprivation and microbiome-borne curli shift gut bacterial populations and accelerate disease in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuron loss, and alpha-synuclein (αSyn) inclusions. Many PD risk factors are known, but those affecting disease progression are not. Lifestyle and microbial dysbiosis are candidates in this context. Diet-driven gut dysbiosis and reduced barrier function may increase exposure of enteric neurons to toxins. Here, we study whether fiber deprivation and exposure to bacterial curli, a protein cross-seeding with αSyn, individually or together, exacerbate disease in the enteric and central nervous systems of a transgenic PD mouse model. We analyze the gut microbiome, motor behavior, and gastrointestinal and brain pathologies. We find that diet and bacterial curli alter the microbiome and exacerbate motor performance, as well as intestinal and brain pathologies, but to different extents. Our results shed important insights on how diet and microbiome-borne insults modulate PD progression via the gut-brain axis and have implications for lifestyle management of PD.

Medicinal Aspects of PTP 1B Inhibitors as Anti-Breast Cancer Agents: An Overview.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has gained interest as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Besides metabolic signalling, PTP1B is a positive regulator of signalling pathways linked to ErbB2-induced breast tumorigenesis. Substantial evidence proves that its overexpression is involved in breast cancer, which suggests that selective PTP1B inhibition might be effective in breast cancer treatment. Therefore, huge research is being carried out on PTP1B inhibitors and their activity against breast cancer development. To date, only two PTP1B inhibitors, viz. ertiprotafib and trodusquemine, have entered clinical trials. The discovery of selective inhibitors of PTP1B could open a new avenue in breast cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an extensive overview on the involvement of PTP1B in breast cancer, its pathophysiology, with special attention on the discovery and development of various natural as well as synthetic PTP1B inhibitors. This study will provide significant information to the researchers developing PTP1B inhibitors for breast cancer treatment.

Pharmacophore derived 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and simulation studies of quinoxaline derivatives as ALR2 inhibitors.

Aldose Reductase 2 (ALR2), a key enzyme of the polyol pathway, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Quinoxaline scaffold-based compounds have been identified as potential ALR2 inhibitors for the management of diabetic complications. In the present work, molecular dynamic simulation studies in conjugation with pharmacophore mapping and atom-based 3D-QSAR were performed on a dataset of 99 molecules in comparison with Epalrestat (reference) to mark the desirable structural features of quinoxaline analogs to generate a probable template for designing novel and effective ALR2 inhibitors. The most potent compound 81 was subjected to MD simulation studies and found to be stable, with better interactions with the binding pocket as compared to Epalrestat. The MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA calculations showed that compound 81 possessed binding free energies of -35.96 and -4.92 kcal/mol, respectively. Atom-based 3D-QSAR yielded various pharmacophoric features with excellent statistical measures, such as correlation coefficient (R2 value), F-value (Fischer ratio), Q2 value (cross-validated correlation coefficient), and Pearson's R-value for training and test sets. Furthermore, the pharmacophore mapping provided a five-point hypothesis (AADRR) and docking analysis revealed the active ligand-binding orientations on the active site's amino acid residues TYR 48, HIE 110, TRP 111, and TRP 219. The results of this study will help in designing potent inhibitors of ALR2 for the management of diabetic complications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Developing our knowledge of the quinolone scaffold and its value to anticancer drug design.

INTRODUCTION: The quinolone scaffold is a bicyclic benzene-pyridinic ring scaffold with nitrogen at the first position and a carbonyl group at the second or fourth position. It is endowed with a diverse spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antitumor activity, and has progressed into various development phases of clinical trials for their target-specific anticancer activity. AREAS COVERED: The present review covers both classes of quinolones, i.e. quinolin-2(H)-one and quinolin-4(H)-one as anticancer agents, along with their possible mode of binding. Furthermore, their structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic properties are also covered to provide insight into their structural requirements for their rational design as anticancer agents. EXPERT OPINION: Synthetic feasibility and ease of derivatization at multiple positions, has allowed medicinal chemists to explore quinolones and their chemical diversity to discover newer anticancer agents. The presence of both hydrogen bond donor (-NH) and acceptor (-C=O) functionality in the basic scaffold at two different positions, has broadened the research scope. In particular, substitution at the -NH functionality of the quinolone motif has provided ample space for suitable functionalization and appropriate substitution at the quinolone's third, sixth, and seventh carbons, resulting in selective anticancer agents binding specifically with various drug targets.

Overexpression of human alpha-Synuclein leads to dysregulated microbiome/metabolites with ageing in a rat model of Parkinson disease.

BACKGROUND: Braak's hypothesis states that sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) follows a specific progression of pathology from the peripheral to the central nervous system, and this progression can be monitored by detecting the accumulation of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) protein. Consequently, there is growing interest in understanding how the gut (commensal) microbiome can regulate α-Syn accumulation, as this could potentially lead to PD. METHODS: We used 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing to characterise microbial diversity. 1H-NMR was employed to understand the metabolite production and intestinal inflammation estimated using ELISA and RNA-sequencing from feces and the intestinal epithelial layer respectively. The Na+ channel current and gut permeability were measured using an Ussing chamber. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence imaging were applied to detect the α-Syn protein. LC-MS/MS was used for characterization of proteins from metabolite treated neuronal cells. Finally, Metascape and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatics tools were used for identification of dysregulated pathways. RESULTS: We studied a transgenic (TG) rat model overexpressing the human SNCA gene and found that a progressive gut microbial composition alteration characterized by the reduction of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio could be detected in the young TG rats. Interestingly, this ratio then increased with ageing. The dynamics of Lactobacillus and Alistipes were monitored and reduced Lactobacillus and increased Alistipes abundance was discerned in ageing TG rats. Additionally, the SNCA gene overexpression resulted in gut α-Syn protein expression and increased with advanced age. Further, older TG animals had increased intestinal inflammation, decreased Na+ current and a robust alteration in metabolite production characterized by the increase of succinate levels in feces and serum. Manipulation of the gut bacteria by short-term antibiotic cocktail treatment revealed a complete loss of short-chain fatty acids and a reduction in succinate levels. Although antibiotic cocktail treatment did not change α-Syn expression in the enteric nervous system of the colon, however, reduced α-Syn expression was detected in the olfactory bulbs (forebrain) of the TG rats. CONCLUSION: Our data emphasize that the gut microbiome dysbiosis synchronous with ageing leads to a specific alteration of gut metabolites and can be modulated by antibiotics which may affect PD pathology.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Craniosacral Therapy on Sleep Quality in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: a Pre-Post Pilot Trial.

Background: Sleep disturbance is one of the key symptoms of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), which negatively affects the participants' quality of life. Craniosacral therapy (CST) is a gentle manual technique found to have significant effects on pain and function in chronic pain participants. However, limited evidence exists on its effectiveness on sleep quality in FMS participants. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of CST on sleep quality in FMS participants. Setting: Outpatient physiotherapy department of a hospital in Bangalore. Participants: Participants diagnosed with FMS. Research Design: A pre/post pilot trial. Intervention: Once weekly, 45-minute sessions of CST for 12 weeks. The participants continued the standard medical care prescribed by the physician. Main Outcome Measure: The sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at baseline and 12 weeks. The data analysis was carried out using paired t test. Results: 9 out of 10 included participants completed the treatment and were included for analysis. The results of the paired t test showed significant improvement in the global PSQI score (p = .001, mean difference = 5.44±3.28, 95% CI = 2.92-7.97), as well as the 5 components of PSQI (p < .05). Conclusion: CST was feasible to deliver with high retention, acceptability, and minimal adverse events. It significantly improved sleep quality in FMS participants along with standard medical care. However, future studies with larger sample sizes and appropriate control groups are required to confirm the findings.

Highly Responsive Near-Infrared Si/Sb2Se3 Photodetector via Surface Engineering of Silicon.

The development of imaging technology and optical communication demands a photodetector with high responsiveness. As demonstrated by microfabrication and nanofabrication technology advancements, recent progress in plasmonic sensor technologies can address this need. However, these photodetectors have low optical absorption and ineffective charge carrier transport efficiency. Sb2Se3 is light-sensitive material with a high absorption coefficient, making it suitable for photodetector applications. We developed an efficient, scalable, low-cost near-infrared (NIR) photodetector based on a nanostructured Sb2Se3 film deposited on p-type micropyramidal Si (made via the wet chemical etching process), working on photoconductive phenomena. Our results proved that, at the optimized thickness of the Sb2Se3 layer, the proposed Si micropyramidal substrate enhanced the responsivity nearly two times, compared with that of the Sb2Se3 deposited on a flat Si reference sample and a glass/Sb2Se3 sample at 1064 nm (power density = 15 mW/cm2). More interestingly, the micropyramidal silicon-based device worked at 0 V bias, paving a path for self-bias devices. The highest specific detectivity of 2.25 × 1015 Jones was achieved at 15 mW/cm2 power density at a bias voltage of 0.5 V. It is demonstrated that the enhanced responsivity was closely linked with field enhancement due to the Kretschmann configuration of Si pyramids, which acts as hot spots for Si/Sb2Se3 junction. A high responsivity of 47.8 A W-1 proved it suitable for scalable and cost-effective plasmonic-based NIR photodetectors.

Synaptic plasticity and learning behaviour in multilevel memristive devices.

This research explores a novel two-terminal heterostructure of the Pt/Cu2Se/Sb2Se3/FTO memristor, which exhibited essential biological synaptic functions. These synaptic functions play a critical role in emulating biological neural systems and overcoming the limitations of traditional computing architectures. By repeating a fixed pulse train, in this study, we realized a few crucial neural functions toward weight modulation, such as nonlinear conductance changes and potentiation/depression characteristics, which aid the transition of short-term memory to long-term memory. However, we also employed multilevel switching, which provides easily accessible multilevel (4-states, 2-bit) states, for high-density data storage capability along with endurance (102 pulse cycles for each state) in our proposed device. In terms of synaptic plasticity, the device performed well by controlling the pulse voltage and pulse width during excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) measurements. The spike-time-dependent plasticity (STDP) highlights their outstanding functional properties, indicating that the device can be used in artificial biological synapse applications. The artificial neural network with Pt/Cu2Se/Sb2Se3/FTO achieved a significant accuracy of 73% in the simulated Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database (MNIST) pattern. The conduction mechanism of resistive switching and the artificial synaptic phenomena could be attributed to the transfer of Se2- ions and selenium vacancies. The neuromorphic characteristics of the Pt/Cu2Se/Sb2Se3/FTO devices demonstrate their potential as futuristic synaptic devices.

Recent Advancements in the Discovery of MDM2/MDM2-p53 Interaction Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer.

Discovery of MDM2 and MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitors changed the direction of anticancer research as it is involved in about 50% of cancer cases globally. Not only the inhibition of MDM2 but also its interaction with p53 proved to be an effective strategy in anticancer drug design and development. Various molecules of natural as well as synthetic origin have been reported to possess excellent MDM2 inhibitory potential. The present review discusses the pathophysiology of the MDM2-p53 interaction loop and MDM2/MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitors from literature covering recent patents. Focus has also been put on characteristic features of the active site of the target and its desired interactions with the currently FDA-approved inhibitor. The designing approach of previously reported MDM2/MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitors, their SAR studies, in silico studies, and the biological efficacy of various inhibitors from natural as well as synthetic origins are also elaborated. An attempt is made to cover recently patented MDM2/MDM2- p53 interaction inhibitors.

Maintained imbalance of triglycerides, apolipoproteins, energy metabolites and cytokines in long-term COVID-19 syndrome patients.

Background: Deep metabolomic, proteomic and immunologic phenotyping of patients suffering from an infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have matched a wide diversity of clinical symptoms with potential biomarkers for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies have described the role of small as well as complex molecules such as metabolites, cytokines, chemokines and lipoproteins during infection and in recovered patients. In fact, after an acute SARS-CoV-2 viral infection almost 10-20% of patients experience persistent symptoms post 12 weeks of recovery defined as long-term COVID-19 syndrome (LTCS) or long post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). Emerging evidence revealed that a dysregulated immune system and persisting inflammation could be one of the key drivers of LTCS. However, how these biomolecules altogether govern pathophysiology is largely underexplored. Thus, a clear understanding of how these parameters within an integrated fashion could predict the disease course would help to stratify LTCS patients from acute COVID-19 or recovered patients. This could even allow to elucidation of a potential mechanistic role of these biomolecules during the disease course. Methods: This study comprised subjects with acute COVID-19 (n=7; longitudinal), LTCS (n=33), Recov (n=12), and no history of positive testing (n=73). 1H-NMR-based metabolomics with IVDr standard operating procedures verified and phenotyped all blood samples by quantifying 38 metabolites and 112 lipoprotein properties. Univariate and multivariate statistics identified NMR-based and cytokine changes. Results: Here, we report on an integrated analysis of serum/plasma by NMR spectroscopy and flow cytometry-based cytokines/chemokines quantification in LTCS patients. We identified that in LTCS patients lactate and pyruvate were significantly different from either healthy controls (HC) or acute COVID-19 patients. Subsequently, correlation analysis in LTCS group only among cytokines and amino acids revealed that histidine and glutamine were uniquely attributed mainly with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Of note, triglycerides and several lipoproteins (apolipoproteins Apo-A1 and A2) in LTCS patients demonstrate COVID-19-like alterations compared with HC. Interestingly, LTCS and acute COVID-19 samples were distinguished mostly by their phenylalanine, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and glucose concentrations, illustrating an imbalanced energy metabolism. Most of the cytokines and chemokines were present at low levels in LTCS patients compared with HC except for IL-18 chemokine, which tended to be higher in LTCS patients. Conclusion: The identification of these persisting plasma metabolites, lipoprotein and inflammation alterations will help to better stratify LTCS patients from other diseases and could help to predict ongoing severity of LTCS patients.

Insights into the perceptual moment theory: Experimental evidence from simultaneity judgment.

The perception appears to flow in a continuous pattern but evidence suggest that perception may involve discrete temporal sampling of peripheral cues. Stroud's perceptual moment theory proposes that perception occurs in discrete moments; however, more experimental evidence is required to support this theory. The present study characterized the decision function for asynchrony detection using variable stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs). Fourteen healthy volunteers (twelve males and two females), ages 21.5 ± 3.8 years (mean ± SD) participated in the study. A microcontroller was used to randomly present 280 events of paired stimuli (two red LEDs) with varying SOAs from -65 to 65 ms in steps of 5 ms. Participants were asked to press the "L" or "R" response key based on whether the left or right LED lit up first and to press the "S" key if they could not perceive the order. Asynchrony detection does not exhibit a fixed threshold value; instead, its decision function shows a monotonic increase with increasing SOAs. The asynchrony detection was 50% at an SOA of 27.8 ± 1.7 ms (mean ± SE). The curve plateaued off near 100% at SOA of 57.2 ms, which may correspond to the duration of one perceptual moment for visual perception. Data from a separate group of ten volunteers was used to validate the results. Results indicate that perception is temporally discretized rather than continuous, and the estimated duration of one perceptual moment is around 57.2 ms. This simple experiment gives objective evidence for Stroud's perceptual moment theory.